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Sutures:  Sutures bind tissues together Sutures are used to hold skin, internal organs, blood vessels, and all other tissues after they have been severed by injury or surgery. Sutures are designed to help the healing of the body by closely opposing the two sides of a wound to minimize scar formation or to prevent leaking blood, like in vessels. They have to comply with several requirements to be effective. They must be strong (so they do not break), non-toxic and hypoallergenic (to avoid adverse reactions in the body), and flexible (so they can be tied and knotted easily). Also, they must lack the so-called "wick effect", which means that sutures must not allow fluids to penetrate the body through them from outside, which could easily cause infections. Sizes of Sutures:  Sizes of Sutures are sized according to the USP scale. Sizes and diameters are available on a scale from 6 to 0, which is 0.07 mm in diameter, to 2, which is 0.5 mm: 6-0 = 0.07 mm 5-0 = 0.10 mm 4-0 = 0.

DEFINITION : “Permanent enlargement of the air spaces of the lung distal to terminal bronchioles accompanied by destruction of their walls is called emphysema “ (enlargement proximal to terminal bronchioles is called bronchioles is called bronchiectasis )                           “ OR “ “Emphysema is a destructive disease of the lung in which the alveoli (small sacs) that promote oxygen exchange between the air and the bloodshed.                               OVERINFLATION / HYPERINFLATION : the enlargement of   air spaces , unaccompanied by destruction of the walls is called over inflation or hyperinflation. TYPES OF EMPHYSEMA : 1.CENTRILOBULAR EMPHYSEMA ; ·         This is the most common type of emphysema , it involves the proximal acinus   (respiratory bronchioles ) and sparing the more distal air spacesin early stages . ·         This case is mostly seen in cigarette smokers , the lesions are more common in upper lobes. 2.PANACINAR EMPHYSEMA :

DEFINITION : It’s a chronic pulmonary disease which is said to be present when there is a persistent cough for at least three consecutive   months in at least two consecutive years. ·         Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. ·         It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. ·         There are two main types of bronchitis:  acute  and chronic. ·         Chronic bronchitis is one type of  COPD  (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). ·         The inflamed bronchial tubes produce a lot of mucus. ·         This leads to coughing and difficulty breathing. TYPES : 1.SIMPLE CHRONIC BRONCHITIS :   Its characterized by productive cough with mucoid sputum but there is no airflow obstruction . 2. CHRONIC MUCOPURULENT BRONCHITIS : Its characterized by productive cough with purulent sputum . 3.CHRONIC AST

ASTHMA:  The word "asthma" is   from the Greek ásthma, which means "panting". DEFINITION : A common lung disorder in which inflammation causes the bronchi to swell and narrow the airways, creating breathing difficulties that may range from mild to life-threatening.            “ OR “ Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by recurrent attacks of breathlessness and wheezing, which vary in severity and frequency from person to person.(WHO). Normal airway, Asthmatic airways, Asthmatic airway during attack              ·         Asthma was recognized as early in ancient egypt. ·          It  is a common long term inflamatory disease of the airways of the lungs. ·         It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible air flow obstruction and easily triggered bronchospasm.   EPIDEMOLOGY: ·         The rates of asthma have increased significantly since the 1960s. ·          In 2015, 358 million people globall