knowledge hubs

Sutures:  Sutures bind tissues together Sutures are used to hold skin, internal organs, blood vessels, and all other tissues after they have been severed by injury or surgery. Sutures are designed to help the healing of the body by closely opposing the two sides of a wound to minimize scar formation or to prevent leaking blood, like in vessels. They have to comply with several requirements to be effective. They must be strong (so they do not break), non-toxic and hypoallergenic (to avoid adverse reactions in the body), and flexible (so they can be tied and knotted easily). Also, they must lack the so-called "wick effect", which means that sutures must not allow fluids to penetrate the body through them from outside, which could easily cause infections. Sizes of Sutures:  Sizes of Sutures are sized according to the USP scale. Sizes and diameters are available on a scale from 6 to 0, which is 0.07 mm in diameter, to 2, which is 0.5 mm: 6-0 = 0.07 mm 5-0 = 0.10 mm 4-0 = 0....

DEFINITION : “Permanent enlargement of the air spaces of the lung distal to terminal bronchioles accompanied by destruction of their walls is called emphysema “ (enlargement proximal to terminal bronchioles is called bronchioles is called bronchiectasis )                           “ OR “ “Emphysema is a destructive disease of the lung in which the alveoli (small sacs) that promote oxygen exchange between the air and the bloodshed.                               OVERINFLATION / HYPERINFLATION : the enlargement of   air spaces , unaccompanied by destruction of the walls is called over inflation or hyperinflation. TYPES OF EMPHYSEMA : 1.CENTRILOBULAR EMPHYSEMA ; ·         This is the most common type of emphysema , it invo...

DEFINITION : It’s a chronic pulmonary disease which is said to be present when there is a persistent cough for at least three consecutive   months in at least two consecutive years. ·         Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. ·         It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. ·         There are two main types of bronchitis:  acute  and chronic. ·         Chronic bronchitis is one type of  COPD  (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). ·         The inflamed bronchial tubes produce a lot of mucus. ·         This leads to coughing and difficulty breathing. TYPES : 1.SIMPLE CHRONIC...

PNEUMONIA: DEFINITION : Pneumonia is an acute inflammation of lungs parenchyma resulting   from   infection of alveoli and respiratory bronchioles , characterized pathologically by consolidation of lung parenchyma and clinically by fever , cough , dyspnea   and chest pain in most cases . EPIDEMOLOGY: ·         Its is a common illness affecting approximately 450 million people a year and occurring in all parts of the world. It is a major cause of death among all age groups, resulting in 1.4 million deaths in 2010 (7% of the worlds yearly total) ·         It was the 4th leading cause of death in the world in 2016, resulting in 3.0 million deaths worldwide. ·          Rates are greatest in children less than five and adults older than 75 years of age. ·          It occurs about five times mor...